Assessment in English for Young Learners in Sweden Guidelines, Challenges and Coping Strategies

Main Article Content

Thorsten Schröter
Agnieszka Jablonska Eklöf

Abstract

 


English is taught in Swedish schools from the primary level, often from year 1. However, grades are normally not awarded until year 6, and the official information as to what English instruction in the early years should focus on in terms of content and learning objectives is quite limited, as are the guidelines regarding assessment. Against this background, we have interviewed a number of Swedish primary school teachers about the curriculum and other official documents regulating English education in Sweden, as well as their teaching and assessment practices, including the challenges they perceive and the strategies they employ to overcome them. Contact between the school and the students’ homes has been an additional, though related, focus. 


The participants confirmed that they experienced English instruction in primary school as not very well regulated, leaving them with some uncertainty as to how they should organize it and, in particular, how the students’ performance should be assessed. The fact that English is ubiquitous in most young Swedes’ lives was addressed as well. While the teachers did adopt different strategies to deal with the challenges they faced, they also expressed a need for enhanced guidance or cooperation. 


 

Article Details

How to Cite
Schröter, T., & Jablonska Eklöf, A. (2020). Assessment in English for Young Learners in Sweden: Guidelines, Challenges and Coping Strategies. Educare, (3), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.24834/educare.2020.3.1
Section
Articles

References

Alasuutari, M., Markström, A.-M., & Vallberg-Roth, A.-C. (2014). Assessment and documentation in early childhood education. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315818504

Alexanderson, K., & Davidsson, P. (2016). Eleverna och internet 2016: Svenska skolungdomars internetvanor [report]. Stockholm: Internetstiftelsen i Sverige.

Asp-Onsjö, L. (2006). Åtgärdsprogram - dokument eller verktyg? En fallstudie i en kommun [doctoral dissertation]. Göteborg: Göteborgs Universitet. Retrieved from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/16941

Barabouti, M. (2012). The writing portfolio: An alternative assessment tool with young leaners of English. Research Papers in Language Teaching and Learning, 3(1), 123-145.

Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0969595980050102

Bolton, K., & Meierkord, C. (2013). English in contemporary Sweden: Perceptions, policies, and narrated practices. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 17(1), 93-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12014

Bonnet, G. (2004). The Assessment of Pupils’ Skills in English in Eight European Countries 2002: A European Project. Retrieved from https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/inee/dam/jcr:d426c134-5c58-44f0-8641-3b5e4354ed37/habilidadesingles2002-1.pdf

Brown, H. D. (2007). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. (3rd ed.) White Plains, N.Y.: Pearson Education.

Kunnan, A. J., & Grabowski, K. (2014). Large-scale second language assessment. In Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Snow, M. A. (Eds.): Teaching English as a second or foreign language (4th ed.; pp. 304-319). Boston: National Geographic Learning.

Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). London & Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Council of Europe. (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Council of Europe. (2018). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment: Companion volume with new descriptors. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Council of Europe. (2019). European Language Portfolio [website]. Retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/portfolio

Efthymiou, G. (2012). Portfolio assessment of speaking skills in English as a foreign language in primary education. Research Papers in Language Teaching and Learning, 3(1), 200-224.

European Commission. (2012). First European Survey on Language Competences: Final Report. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262877352_First_European_Survey_on_Language_Competences_Final_Report

Forsberg, E., & Lindberg, V. (2010). Svensk forskning om bedömning – en kartläggning [report]. Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.

Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02766777

Hansén, S.-E., & Forsman, L. (2017). Allmändidaktik: Vetenskap för lärare (2nd ed.). Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Hattie, J. A. C. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.

Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687

Jönsson, A, & Thornberg, P. (2014). Samsyn eller samstämmighet? En diskussion om sambedömning som redskap för likvärdig bedömning I skolan. Pedagogisk forsning i Sverige, 4/5, 386-402.

Kroksmark, T. (Ed.) (2013). Den trådlösa pedagogiken: En-till-en i skolan på vetenskaplig grund. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

James, N. (2008). Authenticity. In Given, L. M. (Ed.): The Sage encyclo-pedia of qualitative research methods (pp. 44-45). Thousand Oaks & London: Sage.

Karseth, B., & Sivesind, K. (2010). Conceptualising curriculum knowledge within and beyond the national context. European Journal of Education, 45(1), 103-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2009.01418.x

Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2009). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks & London: Sage.

Leung, C. (2004). Developing formative teacher assessment: Knowledge, practice, and change. Language Assessment Quarterly: An International Journal, 1(1), 19-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15434311laq0101_3

Lindström, L. (2013). Inledning: Pedagogisk bedömning. In: L. Lindström, V. Lindberg, & A. Pettersson (Eds.), Pedagogisk bedömning: Om att dokumentera, bedöma och utveckla kunskap (3rd ed., pp. 9-27). Stockholm: Liber.

Lauvås, P., & Jönsson, A. (2019). Ren formativ bedömning. Lund: Student-litteratur.

Linhorst, D. M. (2002). A review of the use and potential of focus groups in social work research. Qualitative Social Work, 1(2), 208-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325002001002620

Lundahl, B. (2009). Engelsk språkdidaktik: Texter, kommunikation, språkutveckling. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Lundahl, B. (2014). Texts, topics and tasks: Teaching English in years 4-6. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Malmberg, P. (1993). Engelska: Metodbok (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.

OECD. (2004). Learning for tomorrow's world: First results from PISA 2003 [report]. Paris: OECD Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264006416-en

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Pettersson, A. (2013). Bedömning – varför, vart och varthän. In: L. Lindström, V. Lindberg, & A. Pettersson (Eds.), Pedagogisk bedömning: Om att dokumentera, bedöma och utveckla kunskap (3rd ed., pp. 31-42). Stockholm: Liber.

Pihlgren, A. S. (2013). Att planera för lärande och utveckling – individuella utvecklingssamtal och IUP. In: L. Lindström, V. Lindberg, & A. Pettersson (Eds.), Pedagogisk bedömning: Om att dokumentera, bedöma och utveckla kunskap (3rd ed., pp. 85-107). Stockholm: Liber.

Pinter, A. (2017). Teaching young language learers (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rodwell, M. K. (1998). Social work constructivist research. New York & London: Garland.

Sadler, D. R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18(2), 119-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117714

SCB. (2017). Övergång mellan grundskola och gymnasieskola [Excel file]. Retrieved from https://www.scb.se/uf0549

Scriven, M. (1967). Overview of evaluation. In R. W. Tyler, R. M. Gagné, & M. Scriven (Eds.), Perspectives of curriculum evaluation (pp. 39-83). Chicago: Rand McNally.

Scriven, M. (1991). Evaluation thesaurus (4th ed.). Newbury Park, California: Sage.

SFS (2010:800). Skollag. Retrieved from https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/ dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/skollag-2010800_sfs-2010-800

Shute, V. J., & Rahimi, S. (2017). Review of computer‐based assessment for learning in elementary and secondary education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 33(1), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12172

Skolverket. (2011/2018). Curriculum for the compulsory school, preschool class and school-age educare [revised 2018]. Stockholm: Skolverket.

Skolverket. (2012). Utvecklingssamtalet och den skriftliga individuella utvecklingsplanen – för grundskolan, grundsärskolan, specialskolan och sameskolan. Stockholm: Skolverket.

Skolverket. (2014). Skolan och hemmet – exempel och forskning om lärares samarbete med elevernas vårdnadshavare [report]. Stockholm: Skolverket.

Skolverket. (2015). Skolreformer i praktiken: Hur reformerna landade i grundskolans vardag 2011–2014 [report]. Stockholm: Skolverket.

Smyth, E. (2008). The more, the better? Intensity of involvement in private tuition and examination performance. Educational Research and Evaluation, 14(5), 465-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610802246395

Southgate, D. E. (2009). Determinants of shadow education: A cross-national analysis [dissertation]. The Ohio State University. Retrieved from http://www.docsford.com/document/229257

Specialpedagogiska skolmyndigheten. (2015). Special needs education (SNE) in Sweden [website, reviewed 2018]. Retrieved from https://www.spsm.se/om-oss/english/the-swedish-education-system/laws-and-rights-in-swedish-schools/special-needs-education-sne-in-sweden/

Sundqvist, P., & Olin-Scheller, C. (2013). Classroom vs. Extramural English: Teachers dealing with demotivation. Language & Linguistics Compass, 7(6), 329-338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12031

Taras, M. (2005). Assessment – summative and formative – some theoretical reflections. British Journal of Educational Studies, 53(4), 466-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2005.00307.x

Timmis, S., Broadfoot, P., Sutherland, R., & Oldfield, A. (2015). Rethinking assessment in a digital age: Opportunities, challenges and risks. British Educational Research Journal, 42(3), 454-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3215

Tveit, S. (2014). Educational assessment in Norway. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 21(2), 221-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2013.830079

van den Akker, J., Fasoglio, D., & Mulder, H. (2010). A curriculum perspective on plurilingual education: Preliminary study for the document “Guide for the development and implementation of curricula for plurilingual and intercultural education”. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Vaughn, S., Schumm, J. S., & Sinagub, J. (1996). Focus group interviews in education and psychology. Thousand Oaks & London: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243641

Vetenskapsrådet. (2015). Formativ bedömning på 2000-talet: En översikt av svensk och internationell forskning [report]. Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.

Vetenskapsrådet. (2017). Good research practice. Stockholm: Vetenskaps-rådet.

Wahlström, N. (2014). Equity: policy rhetoric or a matter of meaning of knowledge? Towards a framework for tracing the ‘efficiency–equity’ doctrine in curriculum documents. European Educational Research Journal, 13(6), 731-743. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2014.13.6.731

Wahlström, N., & Sundberg, D. (2015) En teoribaserad utvärdering av läroplanen Lgr 11 [report]. Uppsala: IFAU.

Wikstrom, C. (2012). Policy and practice in Swedish education, assessment and school leadership. In: L. Volante (Ed.) School leadership in the context of standards-based reform: International perspectives (pp. 147-172). Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4095-2_7

Wiliam, D. (2008). International comparisons and sensitivity to instruction. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 15(3), 253-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09695940802417426